2025年专升本英语主谓一致考点:语法一致原则
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主语和谓语动词的一致关系并非只取决于语法上的单、复数形式,还取决于主语的单、复数意义。有时主语在语法形式上并非复数,但含有复数意义,其后的谓语动词用复数;反之,主语在语法形式上是复数,而在意义上是单数,其后的谓语动词用单数形式。这种一致关系叫作“概念 / 意义一致原则”。
主谓一致是指主语和谓语两个语法成分之间保持一致。在英语中,主谓一致主要是指用作主语的名词、代词或名词词组的中心词和用作谓语的动词在人称、数等方面的一致。通常应遵循三个原则,即语法一致原则、就近原则和概念 / 意义一致原则。
(一)语法一致原则
1. 单数名词 / 代词与谓语动词的一致
(1)单数名词 / 代词在句中作主语时,谓语动词应用单数形式。不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词也应用单数形式。
Her idea about the problem is very novel and interesting.
她对这个问题的看法非常新颖有趣。
That sounds very reasonable, but could you give some specific reasons?
那听起来很合理,但是你能给出一些具体的理由吗?
The traffic has been a problem these days. 这些天交通一直是个问题。
注意:
被 each, every,no 修饰的单数名词作主语时,谓语动词常用单数形式。如:
Every member in the club wears uniform. 俱乐部的每位成员都穿着制服。
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(2)有 些 单 数 集 体 名 词 为 不 可 数 名 词,如 furniture, equipment, merchandise, baggage,machinery, clothing 等,做主语时,谓语动词应用单数形式。
The furniture is made of wood and should be kept away from fire.
这些家具是木制的,应该远离火。
This equipment has saved the lives of a large number of newborn babies.
这套设备已经挽救了许多新生儿的生命。
(3)“ many a+ 单数名词”作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。
Many a student likes to take Professor Smith's class.
许多学生喜欢上史密斯教授的课。
(4)“ more than one+ 单数名词”在意义上虽有复数概念,但作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。“more+ 复数名词 + than one”作主语时,谓语动词应用复数形式。
More than one person is involved in this case. 不止一个人与这个案件有关。
More visitors than one have complained about the service here.
不止一名游客抱怨过这里的服务。
(5)“a(n)+ 单数名词 + or two”作主语时,谓语动词应用单数形式,但“ one or two+ 复数名词”做主语时,谓语动词应用复数形式。
A student or two has failed the exam.
有一两个学生考试不及格。
One or two students have failed the exam.
有一两个学生考试不及格。
2. 复数名词 / 代词与谓语动词的一致
(1)常用作复数或只有复数形式的名词作主语时,谓语动词应用复数形式。常见的这类名词
有:clothes, belongings(财物),earnings(薪水,收入), savings(积蓄,存款), surroundings(环境),odds(可能性,概率), remains(剩余物,残留物), goods(商品), fireworks(烟火表演), thanks(感谢)等。
The clothes are not suitable for everyday wear.
这些衣服不适合日常穿。
(2)表示双数意义的复数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。常见的这类名词有:glasses,sunglasses(太阳镜), scissors, shoes, socks, gloves, spectacles(眼镜), trousers, jeans(牛仔裤),shorts(短裤)等。
His glasses were broken by his son last night.
昨天晚上他的眼镜被他儿子弄坏了。
知识拓展
one, another, the other, either, each, somebody, anybody,nobody,everyone, no one,something, anything 等不定代词作主语时,谓语动词应用单数形式。all,some,any,more,most, the rest 等作主语时,若指代不可数名词,谓语动词应用单数形式;若指代可数名词复数,谓语动词应用复数形式。both, (a)few, many, (the)others 等做主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。
3. 并列主语与谓语动词的一致
(1)由 and 或 both...and... 连接两个并列主语时,谓语动词一般用复数形式。但如果并列主语指的是同一个人、物、概念或一个不可分割的整体,谓语动词应用单数形式。
常见的这类短语有:bread and butter(涂黄油的面包), a watch and chain(一块带链的表), law and order(社会秩序), a knife and fork(一副刀叉), a cup and saucer(一套杯碟)等。
Jane and Mary compete with each other for the contract.
简和玛丽为了那项合同而互相争。
War and peace is a constant theme in history. 战争与和平是历史的永恒主题。
A teacher and writer is going to give us a talk this afternoon.
今天下午一位老师兼作家要给我们做演讲。
(2)由 as well as,as much as,along with,together with,with,including,followed by,in addition to,like, unlike, except,but, besides, no less than, rather than, accompanied by, instead of , more than 等连接的并列主语在意义上更强调前面的主语。根据“语法一致”的原则,谓语动词的形式通常与前面主语的人称和数保持一致。
The girl,together with her classmates, has gone to plant trees.
那个女孩儿和她的同班同学一起去植树了。
The teacher, with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend.
这个周末这位老师将要和他所有的学生一起去野餐。
Nobody but Mary and Jack takes the English exam.
除了玛丽和杰克外,没人参加这次英语考试。
(3)当 and 连接两个并列单数名词作主语,且由 each,every,no 等修饰时,谓语动词用单数形式。
Each book and (each) magazine has to be returned on time.
每一本书和杂志都必须按时归还。
Every door and (every) window in this house has to be repaired for another sale.
这所房子里的每扇门和窗都必须修葺,以便再次销售。
No teacher and (no) student likes this textbook .
没有一个老师和学生喜欢这本教材。
4. 其他
(1)不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)和“疑词词 /whether+to do”作主语时,谓语动词常用单数形式。从句作主语时,谓语动词常用单数形式;但若主句为系表结构,主句谓语动词的数通常由作表语的名词或代词决定。注意,当 and 连接两个并列的上述结构作主语时,若表示单一概念,则谓语动词应用单数形式;若表示两个不同的概念,则谓语动词应用复数形式。
Reading and writing are important during the primary school.
在小学阶段,读和写非常重要。
To do this job well means a lot of effort.
要把这项工作做好意味着(要付出)许多努力。
Reading without comprehension is not good for improving one 's study ability.
只读不理解对促进学习没有好处。
What to do is one question, and how to do it is quite another.
应该做什么和应该怎样做是完全不同的两个问题。
Whether she is coming or not doesn't matter too much. 她来与不来都不是很重要。
What they need is not money, and what they need are good teachers.
他们需要的不是钱,他们需要的是好老师。
(2) “分数/百分数+of+名词/代词”作主语时,谓语动词应与of后面名词或代词的数保持一致。
Eighty-five percent of the students in our school are girls.
我们学校 85% 的学生都是女生。
Two thirds of the food has been sent to that area.
三分之二的食物已经被送往那个地区了。
(3)“a number of +复数名词 / 代词”作主语时,后面的谓语动词用复数形式;而“the numberof + 复数名词 / 代词”作主语时,后面的谓语动词用单数形式。
A number of children are playing in the park.
许多孩子正在公里玩耍。
The number of clients of this company is rather small. 这个公司的客户数量很少。
注意:“all/half/some/the rest...(of+ 名词 / 代词)”作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于 of 后面的名词或代词,或者视具体的上下文而定。如:
I have eaten some of the fruits. The rest (of them) are left to you.
我已经吃了一些水果。(它们中)剩下的是留给你的。
(4)“a quantity of/a lot of/lots of/plenty of+ 不可数名词 / 可数名词复数”作主语时,谓语动词的数应与 of 后面名词的数保持一致。但“ quantities of+ 不可数名词 / 可数名词复数”作主语时,谓语动词应用复数形式。
A vast quantity of beer was sold yesterday.
昨天卖出了大量的啤酒。
A large quantity of books were found in his room.
在他的房间里发现了大量的书籍。
Great quantities of sand were washed down the hillside by rain.
大量的沙子被雨水冲下了山坡。
(5)“a great(good) deal of/ a large amount of/ a bit of+ 不可数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
但“large/increasing/small amounts of+ 不可数名词”作主语时,谓语动词应用复数形式。
A good deal of money has been spent on this project. 在这个工程上已经花了很多钱。
A large amount of electricity was wasted last month. 上个月浪费了大量的电。
Large amounts of time have been invested in the experiment.
大量时间已经投入到这个实验上。
(6)“分类词 +of+ 名词”作主语时,谓语动词应与分类词的单、复数形式保持一致。
常用的分类词有:sort, kind, form, piece, portion, series, species, section,type 等。
This kind of competition is not what we want.
这种竞争并不是我们想要的。
All kinds of flowers blossom in spring.
各种各样的花儿在春天绽放。
(7)在“one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句”结构中,从句一般是修饰复数名词的,所以从句的谓语动词应用复数形式;而当 one of 之前有 the,the only,the mere,the very 等修饰时,从句一般是修饰单数名词时,所以从句的谓语动词应用单数形式。
Jeff is one of the journalists who were awarded a prize at that time.
杰夫是那时获奖的新闻记者之一。
Jeff is the only one of the journalists who was awarded a prize at that time.
杰夫是那时唯一获奖的新闻记者。
(8)在倒装句中,谓语动词的形式应与其后的主语保持一致。
Under these books is a notebook where she has written a lot of her thoughts.
这些书下面是一个笔记本,在上面她写了许多感想。
Here are the pictures you have been looking forward to.
这就是你一直期待的那些照片。